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INTRODUCTION

Nutritionist have long recognized the existence of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) interactions and antagonism between Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine (Ile) and Valine (Val). In typical grain-soybean meal diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids (AA) these interactions are generally not of great concern.

However, as the world moved to renewable fuel sources, new by-products were available for use by the feed industry. Corn by-products, especially Distillers Dried Grains with solubles (DDGs) have become common place in swine and poultry rations in North America and Southeast Asia. These interactions can become a problem in corn based diets containing moderate to high levels of corn by-products (DDGs or corn gluten feed) as shown in Fig.1.

SID AA

 

The SID Leu ratios to SID Ile in corn and DDGs are approximately 370% compared to 170% in SBM. Similarly, SID Leu to SID Val ratios are 260% in corn and DDGs compared to 160% in SBM. One can easily see that replacing SBM with DDGs in a diet can lead to excessive levels of Leu relative to the other BCAA.

This lead to the real problem, breakdown of excess Leu in the body. All three of the BCAA (Leu, Ile and Val) share the same enzymatic degradation pathway as shown in Fig. 2. This first enzyme attacks all three BCAAs indiscriminately attaching and breaking down available substrate. Enzyme activity is directly related to a substrates concentration, in this case total BCAA levels. As Leu increases in concentration with increasing dietary DDGs inclusion, enzyme activity also increases resulting in increased degradation of all three BCAA resulting in potential deficiencies of Val and Ile.

BCAA

 

Swine nutritionist have employed several different strategies to minimize excess Leu in late finishing rations containing moderate to high levels of DDGs. Many would limit the maximum dietary inclusion rates of synthetic lysine and/or tryptophan. Others would increase their SID Ile to lysine ratios. All these are effective in managing excess Leu by forcing additional SBM into the diet. However effective, do they offer optimal solution to minimize diet cost while maintaining performance?

In effort to better understand the BCAA interactions, researchers at Kansas State University conducted an exhaustive literature review of all available BCAA research in both nursery, growing, and finishing pigs (Cemin et al. 20191). Using the data from the literature review, they adjusted all reported diets formulations to a common nutrient matrix (NRC, 2012). Then they conducted a meta-analysis with a series of regression analyses examining multiple BCAA and neutral AA interactions to develop suitable prediction models for weight gain and FCR (Cemin et al. 20192).

The weight gain model (Fig. 3) indicates that all three of the BCAA have an impact on predicted weight gain. Interestingly, SID Trp to SID Lys ratio was selected; perhaps suggesting BCAA interaction with large neutral AA. The authors suggested that BCAA and large neutral AA compete for the same transport sites on the blood-brain barrier. It has been hypothesized that a decrease in circulating brain tryptophan level leads to decreased serotonin, thus lower voluntary feed intake. The model offers some insight in the complexity of the interaction among BCAA. However, how does it predict growth under commercial conditions?

ADG, g Formula

 

To answer this question, a consortium comprised of CJ America, National Pork Board, New Fashion Pork and Kansas State University developed and funded a research project to test the Cemin model. In the design of the experiment, the group decided to test the individual AAs (Ile, Val and Trp) additions as suggested by the model. The trial was conducted in commercial-sized research barn using 1,200 head of PIC growing-finishing pigs (34 kg, initially) fed for 106 days. Six experimental diets were fed over four dietary phases to ten replicate pens per treatment. Experimental diets contained corn, SBM, with 30% DDGs. Treatments consisted of a SBM control (SBM) with minimal level of L-lysine-HCl (1.5 kg/MT) only, a Negative Control (NC) with high L-lysine-HCl (5 kg/MT) and other synthetic AAs to meet NRC (2012) minimum EAA/Lys ratios. A Positive Control (PC) nominal L-lysine-HCl (4.4 kg/MT) with other EAA/Lys ratios to US industry standards. Then single additions of either L-Val, L-Ile or L-Trp were added to the Positive Control at the level suggested by Cemin model to restore weight gain to the level of the SBM Control diet with minimal synthetic AA additions.

Results were presented at Midwest Section of the American Society of Animal Science meetings (Kerkaert et al., 2020). Pig performance was excellent with ADG averaging over 1 kg/day from 34 to 130 kg converting at an average 0.391 Gain:Feed ratio even when feeding 30% DDGs (table 1). Increasing synthetic AAs level in the NC diet reduced (P<0.05) final body weight, ADG and hot carcass weight when compared to SBM control diet and the elevated Ile and Val treatments. PC and elevated Trp diets were intermediate in body weight, ADG and hot carcass weights. Gain:feed ratios were not statistically different (P>0.058) among the treatments. However, numerical improvements were noted for SBM Control, PC and Ile fed pigs as compared to NC, Val and Trp groups.

The Cemin model accurately (+/- 0.01 kg/day) predicted ADG of NC, PC, Val and Ile treatments when intercept was adjusted to the SBM Control group. The elevated Trp fed pigs ate less feed and grew slower than expected. Findings from this trial strongly suggest the Cemin model is more accurate means to assess impacts of elevated dietary Leu on swine growth than other current models. It may provide nutritionist a tool to examine best cost options when formulating diets containing corn and high levels of corn by-products.

Overall live performance

 

A series of least cost ration simulations with varying levels of DDGs were conducted to assess predicted performance and diets cost using both the Cemin model and the Htoo model (Htoo, 2012) compared to corn-SBM-AA diet. The Htoo model is quadratic regression model that adjust SID Ile/SID Lys ratio only, based on dietary SID Leu/Lys ratio (Ile/Lys Ratio = 31.27+ 0.27xLeu/Lys Ratio 0.0006 x Leu/Lys Ratio2). The formulations using the Cemin model were least cost results with increase of singularly or a combination of SID Val, Ile, Trp levels as suggested by the model to restore ADG to the predicted level of the corn-SBM-AA diet at the lowest cost.

Simulation results for a 20% DDGs swine grower formulations with 1.0% SID Lysine are shown in table 2. The Corn-SBM diet was predicted by the Cemin model to provide 912 g/day of gain. By allowing 20% DDGs into the formula without adjusting EAA/Lys ratios, diet cost can be reduced by $5.77/tonne, but projected ADG decreased by 37 g/day. Adjusting Ile/Lys ratio to 60.4 per the Htoo Model increased diet cost slightly ($0.53) with additional SBM, but predicted ADG was still 16 g/day less than the corn-SBM-AA diet. Adjusting both Val/Lys and Trp/Lys ratios using the Cemin Model in a diet containing 20% DDGs was projected to restore ADG to the corn-SBM diet, but at a cost saving of $3.88 per tonne.

Model simulations DDGs diet formulations

The Cemin model when adjusting the intercept to match control performance appears to accurately predict performance of pigs fed moderate and high DDGs diets in commercial conditions. The Cemin model offers nutritionist a new tool to examine multiple options to determine how best optimize feed cost per KG of weight gain when feeding moderate to high corn by-product diets.

 

REFERENCES

1. Cemin, H.S., M.D. Tokach, J.D. Woodworth, S.S. Drits, J.M. DeRouchey and R.D. Goodband. 20191. Branch-chain amino acid interactions in growing pigs. Transl. Anim. Sci. doi:10:1093/tas/txz087

2. Cemin, H.S., M.D. Tokach, S.S. Drits, J.C. Woodworth, J.M. DeRouchey and R.D. Goodband. 20192 Meta-regression analysis to predict the influence of branch-chain and large neutral amino acids on growth performance of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 97:2505-2514. doi:10.1093/jas/skz118

3. Htoo, J. 2012. Requirements and optimal dietary branch-chain amino acids to lysine ratios for pigs. Evonick AminoNews. Vol 16. No. 1.

4. Kerkaert, H.R., H.S Cemin, M.D. Tokash, J.C. Woodworth, J.M DeRouchey, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, K.D. Haydon, C. Hastad and Z. Post. 2020. J. Anim/ Sci. In Press
List

A. Privacy policy according to the GDPR

I. Name and address of the data controller

CJ Cheiljedang
CJ Cheiljedang center, 330, Dongho-ro, Jung gu, Seoul 04560, Korea
Ph: +82-10-4849-9625
Email: goeun.kim2@cj.net
Website: www.cjbio.net
is the data controller as defined in the EU General Data Protection Regulation (DSGVO) and the national data privacy laws.

II. information about data processing

  • 1. The extent to which personal data is processed

    We collect and use the personal data of users of our homepage only to the extent that this is necessary for keeping our website, contents and services functioning properly. Basically, we collect and use our users’ personal data only after they give their consent. An exception to this principle applies in cases where processing the data by statutory provisions is permitted or when obtaining prior consent for actual reasons is not possible.

  • 2. Legal basis for processing personal data

    The legal basis for processing personal data is basically based on:

    • • Art. 6 Section 1 lit. a GDPR upon obtaining the consent of the data subject.
    • • Art. 6 Section 1 lit. b GDPR for processing operations that serve to fulfill a contract to which the data subject is a party. Included here are processing operations that are necessary to carry out pre-contractual measures.
    • • Art. 6 Section 1 lit. c GDPR for processing required to fulfill a legal obligation.
    • • Art. 6 Section 1 lit. d GDPR, if vital interests of the data subject or another natural person require the processing of personal data.
    • • Art. 6 Section 1 lit. f GDPR, if the processing is necessary to safeguard the legitimate interests of our company or a third party, and the interests, fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms of the data subject do not outweigh the former interest.
  • 3. Data erasure and storage duration

    The personal data of users will be deleted or blocked as soon as the purpose of the storage is no longer applicable. Additional storage may be provided for by European or national legislators through EU regulations, laws or other regulations to which the data controller is subject. Blocking or deleting the data also takes place when a storage period prescribed by the standards mentioned expires, unless there is a need for additional storage of the data for concluding a contract or fulfilling the contract.

III. Use of our website, general information

  • 1. Description and scope of data processing

    Every time our website is accessed, our system automatically collects data and information from the user's computer system. The following information is collected:

    • (1) The user’s IP address
    • (2) Date and time of access
  • 2. Purpose and legal basis for data processing

    Our system must temporarily store user IP addresses to allow us to deliver our website to the user's computer. To do this, the user's IP address must be stored for the duration of the session. Storage in log files is done to ensure the functionality of the website. In addition, the data is used to optimize the website and to ensure the security of our information technology systems. This data is not evaluated for marketing purposes in this context. The legal basis for the temporary storage of data and log files is Art. 6 Section 1 lit. f GDPR. Collecting your personal data to ensure our web presence and storing this data in log files is essential for operating our website. A contradictory possibility of the user therefore does not exist.

  • 3. Duration of storage

    Your data will be deleted as soon as they are no longer necessary for achieving the purpose of the inquiry. Your data will be deleted when the session ends if your data has been collected to ensure the site's availability. If your data is stored in log files, it will be deleted after seven days at the latest. Further storage is possible, whereby in this case, the IP addresses of the users are deleted or alienated. This means that it is then no longer possible to assign the client who has accessed our website.

The described data are stored in the log files of our system. This data is not stored together with any other personal user data.

IV. General information about the use of cookies

We use cookies on our website. Cookies are text files that are stored in the Internet browser or by the Internet browser on the user’s computer system. If you display a webside; this is how a cookie can be stored on your operating system. This cookie contains a characteristic string that allows the browser to be clearly when the website is accessed again. We use cookies to make our homepage more user friendly. Some elements of our website require that the browser be identified even after a page break. The following data is stored and transmitted:

  • (1) Language settings

The legal basis for processing personal data using cookies is defined in Article 6 Section 1 lit. f GDPR. The purpose for using technically required cookies is to simplify the use of our website. We would like to point out that some functions on our website can only be offered if cookies are enabled. This applies to the following applications:

  • (1) Adopting language settings
  • (2) Remembering keywords

We do not use user data collected by technically required cookies to create user profiles. Cookies are stored on the user’s computer, which transmits them to our page. As a user, you therefore have control over the use of cookies. You can restrict or disable transmission of cookies by making changes to your Internet browser settings. Here you can also delete cookies that have been stored. Please note that you may not be able to use all the features on our website if you deactivate cookies.

V. Your rights/rights of the data subject

According to the EU General Data Protection Regulation, as an affected party you have the following rights:

  • 1. The right to receive information
    As the data controller, you have the right to receive information from us regarding processing personal data involving you. In addition, you may request information about the following:
    • (1) The purpose of the data processing
    • (2) The categories of personal data that are processed
    • (3) The recipients or categories of recipients to whom the personal data relating to you have been disclosed or are still being disclosed
    • (4) The planned duration of the storage of your personal data or, if specific information is not available, the criteria for determining the duration of storage
    • (5) The existence of a right to rectification or erasure of personal data concerning you, a right to restriction of processing by the data controller or concerned, or a right to object to such processing
    • (6) The existence of a right of appeal to a supervisory authority
    • (7) All available information on the source of the data if the personal data are not collected from the data subject
    • (8) The existence of automated decision-making, including profiling according to Art. 22 Section 1 and 4 GDPR and - at least in these cases - meaningful information about the logic involved as well as the scope and the intended effects of such processing on the data subject.
    Finally, you also have the right to request information about whether your personal information is being transferred to a third country or to an international organization. In this case, you can obtain information about the appropriate guarantees in accordance with Art. 46 GDPR regarding such transfer. You can claim your right to information under: Email: goeun.kim2@cj.net
  • 2. The right to rectification
    If we process your personal data incorrectly or in an incomplete manner, then you have a right for it to be corrected/completed. The correction will be made immediately.
  • 3. Right to restriction
    The right to limit the processing of your personal data may be asserted in the following cases:
    • (1) The accuracy of the personal data is contested for a period of time, enabling the data controller to verify the accuracy of the personal data.
    • (2) The processing is unlawful and deleting the personal data is rejected, whereby the restriction of the use of personal data is required.
    • (3) The data controller no longer needs the personal data for purposes of processing, but the data subject needs them to assert, exercise or defend legal claims, or
    • (4) The data subject filed an objection to the processing pursuant to Art. 21 Section 1 GDPR and it is not yet clear whether the legitimate reasons of the data controller outweighed those of the data subject.
    If processing personal data concerning you has been restricted, such data—viewed separately from your data storage—may be stored only with your consent or for the purposes of asserting, exercising or defending legal claims or protecting the rights of another natural or legal person or important public interest of the Union or of a Member State. If there is a processing restriction in accordance with the principles outlined, you will be informed by us before the restriction is lifted.
  • 4. The right to delete
    You can request that your personal data be deleted immediately if you can show the following reasons: The data controller is obligated to delete this data immediately. These reasons include:
    • (1) Your personal data are no longer necessary for the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed.
    • (2) The processing is based on a consent according to Art. 6 Section 1 lit. a or Art. 9 Section 2 lit. a GDPR protected and you revoke the consent. Another condition is that there is no other legal basis for the processing.
    • (3) You object to the processing (Art. 21 Section 1 GDPR) and there are no legitimate reasons for the processing. Another possibility is that you have a protest against the processing pursuant to Art. 21 Section 2 GDPR.
    • (4) The processing of your personal data is unlawful.
    • (5) Deleting personal data concerning you is required to fulfill a legal obligation under Union law or the law of the Member States to which the data controller is subject.
    • (6) The personal data concerning you were collected in relation to information society services offered pursuant to Art. 8 Section 1 GDPR.
    If we have made personal data concerning you public and we are obligated to delete them according to Art. 17 Section 1 of the GDPR, then we shall take appropriate measures, while also taking the available technology, implementation costs and the available technology into account, to inform data controllers who process the personal data that you, as the data subject, have requested the deletion of all links to such personal data or of copies or replications of such personal data. We would like to point out that the right to delete does not exist to the extent that processing is required:
    • (1) to exercise the right to freedom of expression and information
    • (2) to fulfill a legal obligation required by the law of the Union or of the Member States to which the controller is subject, or to carry out a task of public interest or to exercise the official authority conferred on the controller
    • (3) for reasons of public interest in the field of public health pursuant to Art. 9 Section 2 lit. h and i and Art. 9 (3) GDPR
    • (4) for archival purposes of public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or for statistical purposes pursuant to Art. 89 Section 1 GDPR, to the extent that the law referred to in Section (a) is likely to render impossible or seriously affect the achievement of the objectives of that processing, or
    • (5) to assert, exercise or defend legal claims.
  • 5. Right to information
    If you have asserted the right to rectify, delete or restrict the processing, we are obligated to notify all recipients to whom your personal data have been disclosed of this correction or deletion of the data or restriction of processing, unless this proves to be impossible or is associated with a disproportionate amount of effort. You also have the right to be informed about these recipients.
  • 6. Right to data portability
    According to the GDPR, you also have the right to obtain the personal data provided to us and to receive it in a structured, understandable and machine-readable format. Furthermore, you have the right to transfer this data to another data controller without hindrance by the data controller for providing the personal data, provided that
    • • the processing is based on consent as defined in Art. 6 Section 1 lit. a GDPR or Art. 9 Section 2 lit. a GDPR or on a contract acc. Art. 6 Section 1 lit. b GDPR
    • • and the processing is done using automated procedures.
    Finally, where technically feasible and without harm to the freedoms and rights of others and as part of exercising the right of data transferability, you have the right to obtain that personal data related to you that has been transmitted directly from one controller to another. The right to data portability does not apply to processing that personal data necessary for performing a task in the public interest or for exercising the official authority that has been delegated to the data controller.
  • 7. Right to revoke the declaration of consent to data protection
    You have the right to revoke your data protection declaration at any time. Please note that revoking consent does not affect the lawfulness of the processing carried out based on the consent until the revocation goes into effect.
  • 8. Right to objection
    Furthermore, for reasons based on your particular situation, you have the right at any time to file an objection to the processing of personal data relating to you, as it is defined in Art. 6 Section 1 lit. e or f GDPR. The right of objection also applies to profiling based on these provisions. The data controller will no longer process the personal data concerning you unless he can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for processing that outweigh your interests, rights and liberties, or the processing is for enforcing, exercising or defending legal claims. If the personal data related to you are processed for advertising purposes, then you have the right to object at any time to your personal data being processed for such advertising. This also applies to profiling, as far as it is associated with such direct marketing. Your personal data will no longer be processed for direct marketing purposes if you object to your data being used for such purposes. You also have the option of discussing the use of information society services (despite Directive 2002/58/EC). Exercise your right to object by using automated procedures that use technical specifications.
  • 9. Automated decision on an individual basis, including profiling
    Under the EU General Data Protection Regulation, you remain entitled not to be subjected to a decision based solely on automated processing - including profiling - which would have legal effect or would affect you in a similar manner. An exception to this principle, however, is when the decision
    • (1) is required for concluding or fulfilling a contract between you and the data controller,
    • (2) and is permissible based on Union or Member State legislation to which the controller is subject, and that legislation contains adequate measures to safeguard your rights and freedoms and your legitimate interests, or
    • (3) is with your express consent.
    If the processing is carried out in accordance with the cases mentioned in Section 1 and 3, then the data controller shall take appropriate measures to safeguard your rights and freedoms as well as your legitimate interests. This includes at least the right to obtain the intervention of a person on the part of the data controller to state his own position and to contest the decision. The ruling under (1) – (3) may not be based on special categories of personal data pursuant to Art. 9 Section 1 GDPR, unless Art. 9 Section 2 lit. a or g and reasonable measures have been taken to protect the rights and freedoms and your legitimate interests.
  • 10. Right to complain to a supervisory authority
    Finally, if you believe that the processing of personal data concerning you is contrary to the GDPR, you have the right to complain to a supervisory authority, in the Member State of its place of residence, employment or the location of the alleged infringement.

VII. Newsletter

  • 1. General
    You can subscribe to a free newsletter on our homepage that we use to inform you about our current interesting offers. The advertised goods and services are named in the declaration of consent. The data you enter in the online registration form will be transmitted to us. We collect the following data based on the consent obtained during the registration process: e-mail address, the date and the hour of the registration. Your data will not be forwarded as part of data processing involved in sending newsletters. The data will be used exclusively for sending the newsletter.
  • 2. Double opt-in and logging
    Registration for our newsletter takes place in a so-called double-opt-in procedure. After registration, you will receive an email asking you to confirm your registration. This confirmation is necessary so that nobody can register using external email addresses. The registration for the newsletter will be logged to prove the registration process according to the legal requirements. This includes the storage of the login and the confirmation time, as well as the IP address.
  • 3. Legal basis
    Legal basis for processing the data is once the consent of the user Art. 6 Section 1 lit. a GDPR has been submitted. Collecting the user's email address aids in delivering the newsletter.
  • 4. Cancellation, revocation and opposition
    Your data will be deleted as soon as they are no longer necessary for achieving the purpose of the inquiry. Your email address will therefore be saved as long as the subscription to the newsletter is active. You may terminate subscription to the newsletter at any time by revoking your consent. There is a corresponding link in each newsletter to do this. We would like to further point out that at any time, you are free to cancel any future processing of your personal data in accordance with the statutory requirements. pursuant to Art. 21 GDPR. You are free to object to your data being processed for direct marketing purposes.

VIII. Electronic contact

You will find a contact form on our homepage that you can use to contact us electronically. The data entered into the input mask are transmitted to us and stored. These data include: The following data is also stored once the message has been sent:

  • (1) Date and time of registration

It is also possible to contact us via our provided email address. In this case, the user's personal data transmitted by email will be stored. A transfer of your data to third parties will not take place in this context; this data will be used exclusively for processing the communication record. The legal basis for processing the data is in submitting user consent as defined in Art. 6 Section 1 lit. a GDPR. The legal basis for processing the data transmitted while sending an email is Article 6 Section 1 lit. f GDPR. If the email contact aims to conclude a contract, then additional legal basis for the processing is Art. 6 Section 1 lit. b GDPR. Processing personal data in this context is solely for processing the contact. In the case of contact via email, this also includes the required legitimate interest in processing the data. If further personal data are processed during the sending process, then they serve only to prevent misuse of the contact form and to ensure the security of our information technology systems. Your data will be deleted as soon as they are no longer necessary for achieving the purpose of the inquiry. Regarding the personal data from the input form on the contact form and those sent by email, this is the case when the respective conversation with the user has ended. The conversation is ended when it can be inferred from the circumstances that the relevant facts have been finally clarified. The additional personal data collected during the sending process will be deleted at the latest after a period of seven days. You will have the opportunity to revoke your consent to the processing of personal data at any time. Even when contacting us by email, you can object to the storage of your personal data at any time. However, we would like to point out that in such a case, the conversation cannot continue. All personal data stored while contacting will be deleted in this case.

IX. Web analytics

  • 1. Use of Google Analytics
    This website uses Google Analytics, a web analytics service provided by Google Inc. (“Google”). Google Analytics uses so-called "cookies," text files that are stored on your computer and they allow how you use the website to be analyzed. The information generated by the cookie about your use of this website is usually transmitted to a Google server in the US and is stored there. However, if IP anonymization is activated on this website, your IP address will be shortened by Google beforehand within member states of the European Union or in other contracting states of the Agreement on the European Economic Area. Only in exceptional cases will the full IP address be sent to a Google server in the US and shortened there. On behalf of the operator of this website, Google will use this information to evaluate your use of the website, to compile reports on website activity and to provide other services related to website and Internet usage to the website operator. The IP address provided by Google Analytics within the framework of Google Analytics will not be merged with other data provided by Google. You can prevent the storage of cookies by enabling a corresponding setting in your browser software; however, please note that if you do this, you may not be able to use all the features of this website to the fullest extent possible. You may also prevent Google from collecting the data generated by the cookie and related to your use of the website (including your IP address) as well as prevent Google from processing this data by downloading and installing the browser plug-in available under the following link: http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=de. This website uses Google Analytics with the extension "_anonymizeIp()." As a result, IP addresses are processed shortened so that they cannot be related to any one particular person. Insofar as the data collected about you is assigned a personal reference, it will be immediately excluded, and the personal data will be deleted immediately. We use Google Analytics to analyze and regularly improve the use of our website. We use the statistics to improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user. Google has submitted to the EU-US Privacy Shield, Framework for those exceptional cases in which personal information is transferred to the US. The legal basis for using Google Analytics Art. 6 Section 1 p. 1 lit. a GDPR. Third-party information: Google Dublin, Google Ireland Ltd., Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland, Fax: +353 (1) 436 1001. User conditions: http://www.google.com/analytics/terms/de.html, Data privacy overview: http://www.google.com/intl/de/analytics/learn/privacy.html, data protection policy: http://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy. This site also uses Google Analytics for cross-device analysis of visitor traffic and is conducted through the user ID. You can deactivate your cross-device analysis of your usage under "My Data,” then "Personal Data.”

X. Social Media

  • 1. Social media presence
    We maintain fan pages within various social networks and platforms for communicating with customers, prospects and users who are active there and for informing them about our services. We would like to point out that your personal data may be processed outside the European Union, which may pose risks to you (e.g. in enforcing your rights under European/German law). Please note that some US providers are certified under the Privacy Shield and are committed to respecting EU privacy standards. These users’ data are usually processed for market research and advertising purposes. Thus, for example, user profiles are created based on the user’s behavior and interests. These usage profiles can in turn be used to do such things as place advertisements inside and outside the platforms that are allegedly in line with users' interests. For these purposes, cookies are usually stored on the user’s computer where the user’s behavior and the user’s interests are stored. Furthermore, in the usage profiles, data can also be stored independently of the devices that the users use (this is especially true if the users are members of the respective platforms and are logged in to them). Processing personal user data is based on our legitimate interests in an effective user information and communication with users in accordance with. Art. 6 Section 1 lit. f. GDPR. The legal basis for processing user info is Art. 6 Section a., Art. 7 GDPR, and this entails the respective providers asking users to consent to data processing (that is, that they declare their agreement, for example, by ticking a check box or clicking on a button to confirm). Additional information about processing your personal data as well as your revocation options can be found under the links for the respective providers listed below. The assertion of information and further rights of the data subjects can likewise take place opposite the offerers, who then have only the direct access to the data of the users and have appropriate information. Of course, we are available for questions and support if you need help. Providers:

X. Social Media