BestAmino RQ Results

Lys : ME Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

3.971 to 4.786

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the Lys:ME range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 3.971 (min., NRC) to 4.786 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

4.410

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 4.410 as the optimal requirement for Lys:ME.
You may expect a 5.4% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Correia, A M et al. "Temporary reduction of digestible lysine in nursery pig diets: performance and economic analysis." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal vol. 23 (2022). doi: 10.1590/s1519-994020222025
Gomes, M S et al. "Effects of glutamine and glutamate on nursery piglets fed diets with different digestible lysine content." SEMINA: Ciencias Agrarias vol. 42,6 (2021): 3919-3930. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6Supl2p3919
Jasper, Jessica E et al. "Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge." Journal of animal science vol. 98,4 (2020): skaa082. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa082
Palencia, Jorge Y P et al. "Relative bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate is equivalent to that of l-lysine HCl for nursery piglets." Journal of animal science vol. 97,1 (2019): 269-278. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky394
Kahindi, R K et al. "Dietary lysine requirement for 7-16 kg pigs fed wheat-corn-soybean meal-based diets." Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 101,1 (2017): 22-29. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12491
Park, C. S. & Kim, B. G. "Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirement of 6- to 10-kg Weanling Pigs." American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 10(3) (2015): 150-155. doi: 10.3844/ajavsp.2015.150.155
Kahindi, R K et al. "Short communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94(1) (2014): 115-118. doi: 10.4141/cjas2013-016
Nemechek, J E et al. "Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of nursery pigs from seven to fourteen kilograms." Journal of animal science vol. 90, 12 (2012): 4380-90. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5131
Schneider, J D et al. "Determining the effect of lysine:calorie ratio on growth performance of ten- to twenty-kilogram of body weight nursery pigs of two different genotypes." Journal of animal science vol. 88,1 (2010): 137-46. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1204

Lys : NE Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

5.131 to 5.926

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the Lys:NE range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 5.131 (min., LP) to 5.926 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

5.528

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 5.528 as the optimal requirement for Lys:NE.
You may expect a 0.12% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Lee, J et al. "Evaluating the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of 7- to 15-kg weanling pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diets." Animal: an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 15,2 (2021): 100127. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100127
Jasper, Jessica E et al. "Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge." Journal of animal science vol. 98,4 (2020): skaa082. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa082
Totafurno, Adam D et al. "Temporary lysine restriction in newly weaned pigs does not affect carcass and loin quality at slaughter." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 100,2 (2020): 368-380. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0154
Zhou, Hua et al. "Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for 8-20 kg pigs fed low crude protein diets." Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho vol. 90,2 (2019): 237-246. doi: 10.1111/asj.13142
Kahindi, R K et al. "Dietary lysine requirement for 7-16 kg pigs fed wheat-corn-soybean meal-based diets." Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 101,1 (2017): 22-29. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12491
Kahindi, R K et al. "Short communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94(1) (2014): 115-118. doi: 10.4141/cjas2013-016

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

Met requirement from Study Result :

0.289 to 0.414

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the Met:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.289 (min., NRC) to 0.414 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Met requirement from CJ BIO:

0.365

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.365 as the optimal requirement for Met:SID Lys.
You may expect a 20.0% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Kahindi, Roseline K. et al. "Growth performance and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism in piglets fed increasing sulphur amino acid to lysine ratio during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 98,2 (2018): 333-340. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0027
Zong, Enyan et al. "The effects of dietary sulfur amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, enzyme activity, and nutrient transporters in weaning piglets." Journal of animal science vol. 96,3 (2018): 1130-1139. doi: 10.1093/jas/skx003
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Kahindi, Roselyn et al. "Optimal sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio for post weaning piglets reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions." Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) vol. 3,4 (2017): 380-385. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.004
Chen, Ying et al. "L-methionine supplementation maintains the integrity and barrier function of the small-intestinal mucosa in post-weaning piglets." Amino acids vol. 46,4 (2014): 1131-42. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1675-5

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

SAA requirement from Study Result :

0.548 to 0.650

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the SAA:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.548 (min., NRC) to 0.650 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

SAA requirement from CJ BIO:

0.615

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.615 as the optimal requirement for SAA:SID Lys.
You may expect a 12.8% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Kahindi, Roseline K. et al. "Growth performance and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism in piglets fed increasing sulphur amino acid to lysine ratio during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 98,2 (2018): 333-340. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0027
Zong, Enyan et al. "The effects of dietary sulfur amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, enzyme activity, and nutrient transporters in weaning piglets." Journal of animal science vol. 96,3 (2018): 1130-1139. doi: 10.1093/jas/skx003
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli have improved feed efficiency and indicators of inflammation with dietary supplementation of tryptophan and methionine in the immediate post-weaning period." Animal Production Science vol. 57,5 (2017): 935-947. doi: 10.1071/AN15289
Kahindi, Roselyn et al. "Optimal sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio for post weaning piglets reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions." Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) vol. 3,4 (2017): 380-385. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.004
Chen, Ying et al. "L-methionine supplementation maintains the integrity and barrier function of the small-intestinal mucosa in post-weaning piglets." Amino acids vol. 46,4 (2014): 1131-42. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1675-5

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

Trp requirement from Study Result :

0.163 to 0.229

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the Trp:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.163 (min., NRC) to 0.229 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Trp requirement from CJ BIO:

0.221

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.221 as the optimal requirement for Trp:SID Lys.
You may expect a 9.0% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Ma, Wenfeng et al. "Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratios affect performance and regulate intestinal mRNA expression of amino acid transporters in weaning pigs fed a low crude protein diet." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 275 (2021): 114857. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114857
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Estimating the standardised ileal digestible tryptophan requirement of pigs kept under commercial conditions in the immediate post-weaning period." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 259 (2020): 114342. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114342
Jayaraman, Balachandar et al. "Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio on performance, plasma urea nitrogen, ileal histomorphology and immune responses in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88." Livestock Science vol. 203 (2017): 114-119. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.014
Jayaraman, Balachandar et al. "Effects of different dietary tryptophan : lysine ratios and sanitary conditions on growth performance, plasma urea nitrogen, serum haptoglobin and ileal histomorphology of weaned pigs." Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho vol. 88,5 (2017): 763-771. doi: 10.1111/asj.12695
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli have improved feed efficiency and indicators of inflammation with dietary supplementation of tryptophan and methionine in the immediate post-weaning period." Animal Production Science vol. 57,5 (2016). doi: 10.1071/AN15289
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Effect of increasing the dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and urea and on production traits in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli." Archives of animal nutrition vol. 69,1 (2015): 17-29. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2014.995972
Gonçalves, M A D et al. "Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs." Journal of animal science vol. 93,8 (2015): 3909-18. doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9083
Nørgaard, J V et al. "Optimum standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for pigs weighing 7–14 kg." Livestock Science vol. 175 (2015): 90-95. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.02.012
Borgesa, G et al. "Optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine for piglets." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences vol. 22,4 (2013): 323-328. doi: 10.22358/jafs/65920/2013
Capozzalo, M M et al. "An increased ratio of dietary tryptophan to lysine improves feed efficiency and elevates plasma tryptophan and kynurenine in the absence of antimicrobials and regardless of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned pigs." Journal of animal science vol. 90 Suppl 4 (2012): 191-3. doi: 10.2527/jas.53900
Le Floc'h, N et al. "A moderate inflammation caused by the deterioration of housing conditions modifies Trp metabolism but not Trp requirement for growth of post-weaned piglets." Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,11 (2010): 1891-8. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110000236
Trevisi, P et al. "Healthy newly weaned pigs require more tryptophan to maximize feed intake if they are susceptible to Escherichia coli K88." Livestock Science vol. 134,1-3 (2010): 236-238. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.151

Val : SID % LysRequirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

Val requirement from Study Result :

0.637 to 0.717

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the Val:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.637 (min., NRC) to 0.717 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Val requirement from CJ BIO:

0.684

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.684 as the optimal requirement for Val:SID Lys.
You may expect a 3.0% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023, doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022, doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022, doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Siebert, Diana et al. “The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1255. 27 Apr. 2021, doi:10.3390/ani11051255
Millet, Sam et al. "Standardized ileal digestible lysine and valine-to-lysine requirements for optimal performance of 4 to 9-week-old Piétrain cross piglets." Livestock Science vol. 241 (2020): 104263. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104263
Oliveira, Maryane S F et al. “Bioavailability of valine in spray-dried L-valine biomass is not different from that in crystalline L-valine when fed to weanling pigs1.” Journal of animal science vol. 97,10 (2019): 4227-4234. doi:10.1093/jas/skz275
Xu, Ye Tong et al. “Effects of dietary valine:lysine ratio on the performance, amino acid composition of tissues and mRNA expression of genes involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism of weaned piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 31,1 (2018): 106-115. doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0148
Clark, A B et al. “Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 1,4 448-457. 1 Dec. 2017, doi:10.2527/tas2017.0049
Soumeh, E A et al. “Requirement of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio for 8- to 14-kg pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 9,8 (2015): 1312-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731115000695
Nemechek, J E et al. “Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine, total lysine:crude protein, and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from seven to twelve kilograms.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,4 (2014): 1548-61. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6322
Millet, Sam. “The Interaction Between Dietary Valine and Tryptophan Content and Their Effect on the Performance of Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 2,1 76-84. 22 Feb. 2012, doi:10.3390/ani2010076
Barea, R et al. “The standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine requirement ratio is at least seventy percent in postweaned piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,3 (2009): 935-47. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1006
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimates of the optimum dietary ratio of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine for eight to twenty-five kilograms of body weight pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2544-53. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1221

Ile : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

Ile requirement from Study Result :

0.511 to 0.648

For weanling pigs (7-11 kg), the Ile:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.511 (min., NRC) to 0.648 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Ile requirement from CJ BIO:

0.614

For the best growth performance in 7-11 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.614 as the optimal requirement for Ile:SID Lys.
You may expect a 5.1% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023, doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022, doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022, doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Clark, A B et al. “Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 1,4 437-447. 1 Dec. 2017, doi:10.2527/tas2017.0048
Clark, Annie et al. "Effects of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Isoleucine:Lysine Ratio on Nursery Pig Performance." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports vol. 2 (2016), doi:10.4148/2378-5977.1289
Htoo, J K et al. “Determining the optimal isoleucine:lysine ratio for ten- to twenty-two-kilogram and twenty-four- to thirty-nine-kilogram pigs fed diets containing nonexcess levels of leucine.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,8 (2014): 3482-90, doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6934
Soumeh, E A et al. "The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for 8–15 kg pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 198 (2014): 158-165, doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.013
Nørgaard, J V et al. “Isoleucine requirement of pigs weighing 8 to 18 kg fed blood cell-free diets.” Journal of animal science vol. 91,8 (2013): 3759-65, doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5998
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253, doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimation of the optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for eight- to twenty-five-kilogram pigs in diets containing spray-dried blood cells or corn gluten feed as a protein source.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2554-64, doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1320

Lys : ME Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

3.672 to 7.640

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the Lys:ME range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 3.672 (min., NRC) to 7.640 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

4.164

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 4.164 as the optimal requirement for Lys:ME.
You may expect a 4.6% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Jasper, Jessica E et al. “Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge.” Journal of animal science vol. 98,4 (2020): skaa082, doi:10.1093/jas/skaa082
Schweer, Wesley P et al. “Increased lysine: metabolizable energy ratio improves grower pig performance during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge.” Translational animal science vol. 3,1 393-407. 12 Oct. 2018, doi:10.1093/tas/txy108
X, Ao et al. "Effect of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and copper density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage in growing pigs." Livestock Science vol. 225 (2019): 96-102, doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.012
Kahindi, R K et al. “Dietary lysine requirement for 7-16 kg pigs fed wheat-corn-soybean meal-based diets.” Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 101,1 (2017): 22-29, doi:10.1111/jpn.12491
Kahindi, R K et al. "Short communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 94(1) (2014): 115-118, doi:10.4141/cjas2013-016
Colina, J J et al. “Utilization of crystalline or protein-bound lysine for growth and carcass traits of barrows and gilts fed individually or in groups.” Journal of animal science vol. 91,8 (2013): 3780-7, doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5995
Nemechek, J E et al. “Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of nursery pigs from seven to fourteen kilograms.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,12 (2012): 4380-90, doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5131
Schneider, J D et al. “Determining the effect of lysine:calorie ratio on growth performance of ten- to twenty-kilogram of body weight nursery pigs of two different genotypes.” Journal of animal science vol. 88,1 (2010): 137-46, doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1204

Lys : NE Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

5.100 to 6.173

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the Lys:NE range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 5.100 (min., NRC) to 6.173 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

5.735

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 5.735 as the optimal requirement for Lys:NE.
You may expect a 2.6% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Royall, Rafe Q et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and economic return for 18 to 128 kg Duroc-sired pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,4 txac103. 12 Aug. 2022, doi:10.1093/tas/txac103
Lee, J et al. “Evaluating the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of 7- to 15-kg weanling pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 15,2 (2021): 100127, doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100127
Totafurno, Adam D et al. “Temporary lysine restriction in newly weaned pigs does not affect carcass and loin quality at slaughter." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 100,2 (2020): 368-380, doi: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0154
Jasper, Jessica E et al. “Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge.” Journal of animal science vol. 98,4 (2020): skaa082, doi:10.1093/jas/skaa082
Aymerich, Pau et al. “The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 10,9 1638. 11 Sep. 2020, doi:10.3390/ani10091638
Zhou, Hua et al. “Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for 8-20 kg pigs fed low crude protein diets.” Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho vol. 90,2 (2019): 237-246, doi:10.1111/asj.13142
X, Ao et al. "Effect of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and copper density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage in growing pigs." Livestock Science vol. 225 (2019): 96-102, doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.012
Kahindi, R K et al. “Dietary lysine requirement for 7-16 kg pigs fed wheat-corn-soybean meal-based diets.” Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 101,1 (2017): 22-29, doi:10.1111/jpn.12491
Kahindi, R K et al. "Short communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94(1) (2014): 115-118, doi:10.4141/cjas2013-016

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

Met requirement from Study Result :

0.293 to 0.400

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the Met:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.293 (min., NRC) to 0.400 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Met requirement from CJ BIO:

0.310

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.018 as the optimal requirement for Met:SID Lys.
You may expect a 1.8% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Kahindi, Roseline K. et al. "Growth performance and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism in piglets fed increasing sulphur amino acid to lysine ratio during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 98,2 (2018): 333-340. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0027
Zong, Enyan et al. “The effects of dietary sulfur amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, enzyme activity, and nutrient transporters in weaning piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 96,3 (2018): 1130-1139. doi:10.1093/jas/skx003
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Kahindi, Roselyn et al. “Optimal sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio for post weaning piglets reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions.” Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) vol. 3,4 (2017): 380-385. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.004
Chen, Ying et al. “L-methionine supplementation maintains the integrity and barrier function of the small-intestinal mucosa in post-weaning piglets.” Amino acids vol. 46,4 (2014): 1131-42. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1675-5

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

SAA requirement from Study Result :

0.549 to 0.644

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the SAA:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.549 (min., LP) to 0.644 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

SAA requirement from CJ BIO:

0.561

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.561 as the optimal requirement for SAA:SID Lys.
You may expect a 0.9% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Kahindi, Roseline K. et al. "Growth performance and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism in piglets fed increasing sulphur amino acid to lysine ratio during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 98,2 (2018): 333-340. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0027
Zong, Enyan et al. “The effects of dietary sulfur amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, enzyme activity, and nutrient transporters in weaning piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 96,3 (2018): 1130-1139. doi:10.1093/jas/skx003
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli have improved feed efficiency and indicators of inflammation with dietary supplementation of tryptophan and methionine in the immediate post-weaning period." Animal Production Science vol. 57,5 (2017): 935-947. doi: 10.1071/AN15289
Kahindi, Roselyn et al. “Optimal sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio for post weaning piglets reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions.” Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) vol. 3,4 (2017): 380-385. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.004
Chen, Ying et al. “L-methionine supplementation maintains the integrity and barrier function of the small-intestinal mucosa in post-weaning piglets.” Amino acids vol. 46,4 (2014): 1131-42. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1675-5

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

Trp requirement from Study Result :

0.163 to 0.204

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the Trp:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.163 (min., NRC) to 0.204 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Trp requirement from CJ BIO:

0.186

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.186 as the optimal requirement for Trp:SID Lys.
You may expect a 3.9% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Ma, Wenfeng et al. "Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratios affect performance and regulate intestinal mRNA expression of amino acid transporters in weaning pigs fed a low crude protein diet." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 275 (2021): 114857. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114857
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Estimating the standardised ileal digestible tryptophan requirement of pigs kept under commercial conditions in the immediate post-weaning period." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 259 (2020): 114342. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114342
Jayaraman, Balachandar et al. "Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio on performance, plasma urea nitrogen, ileal histomorphology and immune responses in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88." Livestock Science vol. 203 (2017): 114-119. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.014
Jayaraman, Balachandar et al. “Effects of different dietary tryptophan : lysine ratios and sanitary conditions on growth performance, plasma urea nitrogen, serum haptoglobin and ileal histomorphology of weaned pigs.” Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho vol. 88,5 (2017): 763-771. doi:10.1111/asj.12695
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli have improved feed efficiency and indicators of inflammation with dietary supplementation of tryptophan and methionine in the immediate post-weaning period." Animal Production Science vol. 57,5 (2016) doi: 10.1071/AN15289
Capozzalo, M M et al. “Effect of increasing the dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and urea and on production traits in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli.” Archives of animal nutrition vol. 69,1 (2015): 17-29. doi:10.1080/1745039X.2014.995972
Gonçalves, M A D et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 93,8 (2015): 3909-18. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9083
Nørgaard, J V et al. "Optimum standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for pigs weighing 7–14 kg." Livestock Science vol. 175 (2015): 90-95. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.02.012
Borgesa, G et al. "Optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine for piglets." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences vol. 22,4 (2013): 323-328. doi: 10.22358/jafs/65920/2013
Capozzalo, M M et al. “An increased ratio of dietary tryptophan to lysine improves feed efficiency and elevates plasma tryptophan and kynurenine in the absence of antimicrobials and regardless of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90 Suppl 4 (2012): 191-3. doi:10.2527/jas.53900
Le Floc'h, N et al. “A moderate inflammation caused by the deterioration of housing conditions modifies Trp metabolism but not Trp requirement for growth of post-weaned piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,11 (2010): 1891-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000236
Trevisi, P et al. "Healthy newly weaned pigs require more tryptophan to maximize feed intake if they are susceptible to Escherichia coli K88." Livestock Science vol. 134,1-3 (2010): 236-238. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.151

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

Val requirement from Study Result :

0.634 to 0.695

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the Val:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.634 (min., NRC) to 0.695 (max., CLP).

CJ Recommendation

Val requirement from CJ BIO:

0.678

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.678 as the optimal requirement for Val:SID Lys.
You may expect a 2.1% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023. doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Siebert, Diana et al. “The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1255. 27 Apr. 2021. doi:10.3390/ani11051255
Millet, Sam et al. "Standardized ileal digestible lysine and valine-to-lysine requirements for optimal performance of 4 to 9-week-old Piétrain cross piglets." Livestock Science vol. 241 (2020): 104263. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104263
Oliveira, Maryane S F et al. “Bioavailability of valine in spray-dried L-valine biomass is not different from that in crystalline L-valine when fed to weanling pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 97,10 (2019): 4227-4234. doi:10.1093/jas/skz275
Xu, Ye Tong et al. “Effects of dietary valine:lysine ratio on the performance, amino acid composition of tissues and mRNA expression of genes involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism of weaned piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 31,1 (2018): 106-115. doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0148
Clark, A B et al. “Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 1,4 448-457. 1 Dec. 2017. doi:10.2527/tas2017.0049
Soumeh, E A et al. “Requirement of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio for 8- to 14-kg pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 9,8 (2015): 1312-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731115000695
Nemechek, J E et al. “Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine, total lysine:crude protein, and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from seven to twelve kilograms.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,4 (2014): 1548-61. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6322
Millet, Sam. “The Interaction Between Dietary Valine and Tryptophan Content and Their Effect on the Performance of Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 2,1 76-84. 22 Feb. 2012. doi:10.3390/ani2010076
Barea, R et al. “The standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine requirement ratio is at least seventy percent in postweaned piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,3 (2009): 935-47. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1006
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimates of the optimum dietary ratio of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine for eight to twenty-five kilograms of body weight pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2544-53. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1221

Ile : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

Ile requirement from Study Result :

0.512 to 0.609

For weanling pigs (11-25 kg), the Ile:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.512 (min., NRC) to 0.609 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Ile requirement from CJ BIO:

0.553

For the best growth performance in 11-25 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.553 as the optimal requirement for Ile:SID Lys.
You may expect a 2.1% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023. doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Clark, A B et al. “Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 1,4 437-447. 1 Dec. 2017. doi:10.2527/tas2017.0048
Clark, Annie et al. "Effects of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Isoleucine:Lysine Ratio on Nursery Pig Performance." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports vol. 2 (2016). doi:10.4148/2378-5977.1289
Htoo, J K et al. “Determining the optimal isoleucine:lysine ratio for ten- to twenty-two-kilogram and twenty-four- to thirty-nine-kilogram pigs fed diets containing nonexcess levels of leucine.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,8 (2014): 3482-90. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6934
Soumeh, E A et al. "The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for 8–15 kg pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 198 (2014): 158-165. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.013
Nørgaard, J V et al. “Isoleucine requirement of pigs weighing 8 to 18 kg fed blood cell-free diets.” Journal of animal science vol. 91,8 (2013): 3759-65. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5998
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimation of the optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for eight- to twenty-five-kilogram pigs in diets containing spray-dried blood cells or corn gluten feed as a protein source.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2554-64. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1320

Lys : ME Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

2.970 to 3.973

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the Lys:ME range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 2.970 (min., NRC) to 3.973 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

3.704

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 3.704 as the optimal requirement for Lys:ME.
You may expect a 8.1% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Yang, Jiameng et al. "Effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, and carcase and meat quality of Yacha pigs." Italian Journal of Animal Science vol. 21,1 (2022): 1593-1603. doi:10.1080/1828051X.2022.2123284
Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Schweer, Wesley P et al. “Increased lysine: metabolizable energy ratio improves grower pig performance during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge.” Translational animal science vol. 3,1 393-407. 12 Oct. 2018. doi:10.1093/tas/txy108
X, Ao et al. "Effect of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and copper density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage in growing pigs." Livestock Science vol. 225 (2019): 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.012
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Colina, J J et al. “Utilization of crystalline or protein-bound lysine for growth and carcass traits of barrows and gilts fed individually or in groups.” Journal of animal science vol. 91,8 (2013): 3780-7. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5995
Li, Pengfei et al. “Effects of the standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and biotechnology vol. 3,1 9. 1 Mar. 2012, doi:10.1186/2049-1891-3-9
Shelton, N W et al. “Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine and increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,1 (2012): 361-72. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-3870
Shelton, N W et al. “Effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine for gilts grown in a commercial finishing environment.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,11 (2011): 3587-95. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3030

Lys : NE Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

3.960 to 5.621

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the Lys:NE range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 3.960 (min., NRC) to 5.621 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

4.892

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 4.892 as the optimal requirement for Lys:NE.
You may expect a 4.6% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Royall, Rafe Q et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and economic return for 18 to 128 kg Duroc-sired pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,4 txac103. 12 Aug. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac103
Song, Wenxin et al. “Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level for pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 447. 23 Dec. 2022. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03557-1
Totafurno, Adam D et al. “Temporary lysine restriction in newly weaned pigs does not affect carcass and loin quality at slaughter." Canadian Journal of Animal Science vol. 100,2 (2020): 368-380. doi:10.1139/cjas-2019-0154
Lee, Ji Hwan et al. “Effects of different standardized ileal digestible lysine: net energy proportion in growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and technology vol. 62,2 (2020): 198-207. doi:10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.198
Aymerich, Pau et al. “The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 10,9 1638. 11 Sep. 2020. doi:10.3390/ani10091638
X, Ao et al. "Effect of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and copper density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage in growing pigs." Livestock Science vol. 225 (2019): 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.012
Li, Qingyun et al. “Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing-finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 3,4 1254-1262. 27 Jun. 2019. doi:10.1093/tas/txz094
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Molist, F et al. “Influence of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine and dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and carcass quality of grower-finisher pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,11 (2014): 4956-63. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-6134

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

Met requirement from Study Result :

0.286 to 0.436

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the Met:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.286 (min., NRC) to 0.436 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Met requirement from CJ BIO:

0.393

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.393 as the optimal requirement for Met:SID Lys.
You may expect a 8.8% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Yang, Zhongyue et al. “Changes in growth performance, plasma metabolite concentrations, and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs fed a methionine-restricted diet.” Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 26,9 (2021): 413-422. doi:10.52586/4956
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 8,3 (2014): 401-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731113002425
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,8 (2010): 1349-58. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000340

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

SAA requirement from Study Result :

0.561 to 0.744

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the SAA:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.561 (min., NRC) to 0.744 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

SAA requirement from CJ BIO:

0.676

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.676 as the optimal requirement for SAA:SID Lys.
You may expect a 7.5% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

da Silva, Caio Abércio et al. “Increased Sulphur Amino Acids Consumption as OH-Methionine or DL-Methionine Improves Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed under Hot Conditions.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,17 2159. 23 Aug. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12172159
Yang, Zhongyue et al. “Changes in growth performance, plasma metabolite concentrations, and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs fed a methionine-restricted diet.” Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 26,9 (2021): 413-422. doi:10.52586/4956
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Kaewtapee, C et al. “Effects of Supplemental Liquid DL-methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid in Diet on Growth Performance and Gastrointestinal Functions of Piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 29,8 (2016): 1166-72. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0579
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 8,3 (2014): 401-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731113002425
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,8 (2010): 1349-58. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000340

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

Trp requirement from Study Result :

0.173 to 0.207

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the Trp:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.173 (min., NRC) to 0.207 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Trp requirement from CJ BIO:

0.192

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.192 as the optimal requirement for Trp:SID Lys.
You may expect a 2.5% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Wensley, Madie R et al. “Effects of amino acid biomass or feed-grade amino acids on growth performance of growing swine and poultry.” Translational animal science vol. 4,1 49-58. 16 Oct. 2019. doi:10.1093/tas/txz163
Liu, Jingbo et al. "The response of performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan to lysine ratios." Livestock Science vol. 222 (2019): 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016
Gonçalves, M A D et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 93,8 (2015): 3909-18. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9083
Shen, Y B et al. "Effects of short term supplementation of l-tryptophan and reducing large neutral amino acid along with l-tryptophan supplementation on growth and stress response in pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 207 (2015): 245-252. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.020
Naatijes, Maike et al. "Effect of dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on growth of young pigs fed wheat–barley or corn based diets." Livestock Science vol. 163 (2014): 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.004
Shen, Y B et al. “Effects of increasing tryptophan intake on growth and physiological changes in nursery pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2264-75. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4203
Le Floc'h, N et al. “A moderate inflammation caused by the deterioration of housing conditions modifies Trp metabolism but not Trp requirement for growth of post-weaned piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,11 (2010): 1891-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000236

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

Val requirement from Study Result :

0.653 to 0.732

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the Val:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.653 (min., NRC) to 0.732 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Val requirement from CJ BIO:

0.711

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.711 as the optimal requirement for Val:SID Lys.
You may expect a 2.4% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023. doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Siebert, Diana et al. “The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1255. 27 Apr. 2021. doi:10.3390/ani11051255
Millet, Sam et al. "Standardized ileal digestible lysine and valine-to-lysine requirements for optimal performance of 4 to 9-week-old Piétrain cross piglets." Livestock Science vol. 241 (2020): 104263. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104263
Xu, Ye Tong et al. “Effects of dietary valine:lysine ratio on the performance, amino acid composition of tissues and mRNA expression of genes involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism of weaned piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 31,1 (2018): 106-115. doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0148
Zhang, Xiaoya et al. “Valine Supplementation in a Reduced Protein Diet Regulates Growth Performance Partially through Modulation of Plasma Amino Acids Profile, Metabolic Responses, Endocrine, and Neural Factors in Piglets.” Journal of agricultural and food chemistry vol. 66,12 (2018): 3161-3168. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01113
Clark, A B et al. “Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 1,4 448-457. 1 Dec. 2017. doi:10.2527/tas2017.0049
Soumeh, E A et al. “Requirement of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio for 8- to 14-kg pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 9,8 (2015): 1312-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731115000695
Nemechek, J E et al. “Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine, total lysine:crude protein, and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from seven to twelve kilograms.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,4 (2014): 1548-61. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6322
Millet, Sam. “The Interaction Between Dietary Valine and Tryptophan Content and Their Effect on the Performance of Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 2,1 76-84. 22 Feb. 2012. doi:10.3390/ani2010076
Waguespack, A M et al. “Valine and isoleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2276-84. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4454
Gaines, A M et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine ratio in 13- to 32-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,3 (2011): 736-42. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3134
Gloaguen, M et al. “Response of piglets to the valine content in diet in combination with the supply of other branched-chain amino acids.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 5,11 (2011): 1734-42. doi:10.1017/S1751731111000760
Barea, R et al. “The standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine requirement ratio is at least seventy percent in postweaned piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,3 (2009): 935-47. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1006
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." .Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimates of the optimum dietary ratio of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine for eight to twenty-five kilograms of body weight pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2544-53. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1221

Ile : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

Ile requirement from Study Result :

0.520 to 0.580

For growing pigs (25-50 kg), the Ile:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.520 (min., NRC) to 0.580 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Ile requirement from CJ BIO:

0.556

For the best growth performance in 25-50 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.556 as the optimal requirement for Ile:SID Lys.
You may expect a 3.6% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023. doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Lazzeri, D B et al. "Standardized ileal digestible (SID) isoleucine requirement of barrows (15- to 30- kg) fed low crude protein diets." SEMINA: Ciencias Agrarias vol. 38,5 (2017): 3283. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3283
Clark, Annie et al. "Effects of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Isoleucine:Lysine Ratio on Nursery Pig Performance." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports vol. 2 (2016). doi:10.4148/2378-5977.1289
Htoo, J K et al. “Determining the optimal isoleucine:lysine ratio for ten- to twenty-two-kilogram and twenty-four- to thirty-nine-kilogram pigs fed diets containing nonexcess levels of leucine.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,8 (2014): 3482-90. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6934
Soumeh, E A et al. "The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for 8–15 kg pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 198 (2014): 158-165. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.013
Gloaguen, M et al. “Response of piglets to the standardized ileal digestible isoleucine, histidine and leucine supply in cereal-soybean meal-based diets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 7,6 (2013): 901-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731112002339
Nørgaard, J V et al. “Isoleucine requirement of pigs weighing 8 to 18 kg fed blood cell-free diets.” Journal of animal science vol. 91,8 (2013): 3759-65. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5998
Waguespack, A M et al. “Valine and isoleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs.” xJournal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2276-84. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4454
Barea, R et al. “The standardized ileal digestible isoleucine-to-lysine requirement ratio may be less than fifty percent in eleven- to twenty-three-kilogram piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,12 (2009): 4022-31. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1964
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimation of the optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for eight- to twenty-five-kilogram pigs in diets containing spray-dried blood cells or corn gluten feed as a protein source.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2554-64. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1320

Lys : ME Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

2.576 to 3.788

For growing pigs (50-75 kg), the Lys:ME range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 2.576 (min., NRC) to 3.788 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

3.361

For the best growth performance in 50-75 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 3.361 as the optimal requirement for Lys:ME.
You may expect a 6.9% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Becker, Larissa L et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance and economic return in duroc-sired finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac069. 20 May. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac069
Yang, Jiameng et al. "Effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, and carcase and meat quality of Yacha pigs." Italian Journal of Animal Science vol. 21,1 (2022): 1593-1603. doi:10.1080/1828051X.2022.2123284
Aymerich, Pau et al. “Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts.” Translational animal science vol. 4,3 txaa129. 18 Jul. 2020. doi:10.1093/tas/txaa129
X, Ao et al. "Effect of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and copper density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage in growing pigs." Livestock Science vol. 225 (2019): 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.012
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Li, Pengfei et al. “Effects of the standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and biotechnology vol. 3,1 9. 1 Mar. 2012. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-3-9
Shelton, N W et al. “Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine and increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,1 (2012): 361-72. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-3870
Shelton, N W et al. “Effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine for gilts grown in a commercial finishing environment.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,11 (2011): 3587-95. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3030

Lys : NE Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

3.434 to 3.958

For growing pigs (50-75 kg), the Lys:NE range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 3.434 (min., NRC) to 3.958 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

3.702

For the best growth performance in 50-75 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 3.702 as the optimal requirement for Lys:NE.
You may expect a 1.30% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Becker, Larissa L et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance and economic return in duroc-sired finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac069. 20 May. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac069
Royall, Rafe Q et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and economic return for 18 to 128 kg Duroc-sired pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,4 txac103. 12 Aug. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac103
Song, Wenxin et al. “Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level for pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 447. 23 Dec. 2022. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03557-1
Aymerich, Pau et al. “Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts.” Translational animal science vol. 4,3 txaa129. 18 Jul. 2020. doi:10.1093/tas/txaa129
Lee, Ji Hwan et al. “Effects of different standardized ileal digestible lysine: net energy proportion in growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and technology vol. 62,2 (2020): 198-207. doi:10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.198
Aymerich, Pau et al. “The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 10,9 1638. 11 Sep. 2020. doi:10.3390/ani10091638
X, Ao et al. "Effect of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and copper density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage in growing pigs." Livestock Science vol. 225 (2019): 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.012
Li, Qingyun et al. “Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing-finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 3,4 1254-1262. 27 Jun. 2019. doi:10.1093/tas/txz094
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Molist, F et al. “Influence of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine and dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and carcass quality of grower-finisher pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,11 (2014): 4956-63. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-6134

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

Met requirement from Study Result :

0.282 to 0.363

For growing pigs (50-75 kg), the Met:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.282 (min., NRC) to 0.363 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Met requirement from CJ BIO:

0.342

For the best growth performance in 50-75 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.342 as the optimal requirement for Met:SID Lys.
You may expect a 7.6% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Yang, Zhongyue et al. “Changes in growth performance, plasma metabolite concentrations, and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs fed a methionine-restricted diet.” Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 26,9 (2021): 413-422. doi:10.52586/4956
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 8,3 (2014): 401-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731113002425
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,8 (2010): 1349-58. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000340

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

SAA requirement from Study Result :

0.565 to 0.684

For growing pigs (50-75 kg), the SAA:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.565 (min., NRC) to 0.684 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

SAA requirement from CJ BIO:

0.613

For the best growth performance in 50-75 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.613 as the optimal requirement for SAA:SID Lys.
You may expect a 4.4% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

da Silva, Caio Abércio et al. “Increased Sulphur Amino Acids Consumption as OH-Methionine or DL-Methionine Improves Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed under Hot Conditions.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,17 2159. 23 Aug. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12172159
Yang, Zhongyue et al. “Changes in growth performance, plasma metabolite concentrations, and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs fed a methionine-restricted diet.” Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 26,9 (2021): 413-422. doi:10.52586/4956
Capozzalo, M M et al. "Determination of the optimum standardised ileal digestible sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 227 (2017): 118-130. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.004
Kaewtapee, C et al. “Effects of Supplemental Liquid DL-methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid in Diet on Growth Performance and Gastrointestinal Functions of Piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 29,8 (2016): 1166-72. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0579
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 8,3 (2014): 401-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731113002425
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,8 (2010): 1349-58. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000340

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

Trp requirement from Study Result :

0.176 to 0.188

For growing pigs (50-75 kg), the Trp:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.176 (min., NRC) to 0.188 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Trp requirement from CJ BIO:

0.179

For the best growth performance in 50-75 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.179 as the optimal requirement for Trp:SID Lys.
You may expect a 0.5% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Liu, Jingbo et al. "The response of performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan to lysine ratios." Livestock Science vol. 222 (2019): 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016
Wensley, Madie R et al. “Effects of amino acid biomass or feed-grade amino acids on growth performance of growing swine and poultry.” Translational animal science vol. 4,1 49-58. 16 Oct. 2019. doi:10.1093/tas/txz163
Gonçalves, M A D et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 93,8 (2015): 3909-18. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9083
Shen, Y B et al. "Effects of short term supplementation of l-tryptophan and reducing large neutral amino acid along with l-tryptophan supplementation on growth and stress response in pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 207 (2015): 245-252. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.020
Naatijes, Maike et al. "Effect of dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on growth of young pigs fed wheat–barley or corn based diets." Livestock Science vol. 163 (2014): 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.004
Shen, Y B et al. “Effects of increasing tryptophan intake on growth and physiological changes in nursery pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2264-75. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4203
Le Floc'h, N et al. “A moderate inflammation caused by the deterioration of housing conditions modifies Trp metabolism but not Trp requirement for growth of post-weaned piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,11 (2010): 1891-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000236

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

Val requirement from Study Result :

0.647 to 0.734

For growing pigs (50-75 kg), the Val:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.647 (min., NRC) to 0.734 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Val requirement from CJ BIO:

0.704

For the best growth performance in 50-75 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.704 as the optimal requirement for Ile:SID Lys.
You may expect a 2.9% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets.” Metabolites vol. 13,1 89. 5 Jan. 2023. doi:10.3390/metabo13010089
Goodarzi, Parniyan et al. “Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, Nutrients Digestibility and Gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs Fed with Very Low Protein Diets.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,23 14886. 28 Nov. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms232314886
Habibi, Mohammad et al. “A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,6 3300. 18 Mar. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijms23063300
Siebert, Diana et al. “The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1255. 27 Apr. 2021. doi:10.3390/ani11051255
Millet, Sam et al. "Standardized ileal digestible lysine and valine-to-lysine requirements for optimal performance of 4 to 9-week-old Piétrain cross piglets." Livestock Science vol. 241 (2020): 104263. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104263
Xu, Ye Tong et al. “Effects of dietary valine:lysine ratio on the performance, amino acid composition of tissues and mRNA expression of genes involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism of weaned piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 31,1 (2018): 106-115. doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0148
Zhang, Xiaoya et al. “Valine Supplementation in a Reduced Protein Diet Regulates Growth Performance Partially through Modulation of Plasma Amino Acids Profile, Metabolic Responses, Endocrine, and Neural Factors in Piglets.” Journal of agricultural and food chemistry vol. 66,12 (2018): 3161-3168. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01113
Clark, A B et al. “Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 1,4 448-457. 1 Dec. 2017. doi:10.2527/tas2017.0049
Soumeh, E A et al. “Requirement of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio for 8- to 14-kg pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 9,8 (2015): 1312-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731115000695
Nemechek, J E et al. “Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine, total lysine:crude protein, and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from seven to twelve kilograms.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,4 (2014): 1548-61. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6322
Millet, Sam. “The Interaction Between Dietary Valine and Tryptophan Content and Their Effect on the Performance of Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 2,1 76-84. 22 Feb. 2012. doi:10.3390/ani2010076
Waguespack, A M et al. “Valine and isoleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2276-84. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4454
Gaines, A M et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine ratio in 13- to 32-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,3 (2011): 736-42. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3134
Gloaguen, M et al. “Response of piglets to the valine content in diet in combination with the supply of other branched-chain amino acids.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 5,11 (2011): 1734-42. doi:10.1017/S1751731111000760
Barea, R et al. “The standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine requirement ratio is at least seventy percent in postweaned piglets.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,3 (2009): 935-47. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1006
Nørgaard, J V and Fernández, J A. "Isoleucine and valine supplementation of crude protein-reduced diets for pigs aged 5–8 weeks." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 154, 3-4 (2009): 248-253. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.08.010
Wiltafsky, M K et al. “Estimates of the optimum dietary ratio of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine for eight to twenty-five kilograms of body weight pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 87,8 (2009): 2544-53. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1221

Ile : (NE or ME or Lys SID) Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Ile requirement from Study Result :

Lys : NE Requirement for Finishing pigs (75-100 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

2.949 to 3.470

For finishing pigs (75-100 kg), the Lys:NE range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 2.949 (min., NRC) to 3.470 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

3.218

For the best growth performance in 75-100 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 3.218 as the optimal requirement for Lys:NE.
You may expect a 1.5% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Hu, Xuecai et al. “Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Metabolites, and Meat Quality of Baqing Pigs.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,15 1884. 23 Jul. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12151884
Becker, Larissa L et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance and economic return in duroc-sired finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac069. 20 May. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac069
Royall, Rafe Q et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and economic return for 18 to 128 kg Duroc-sired pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,4 txac103. 12 Aug. 2022, doi:10.1093/tas/txac103
Song, Wenxin et al. “Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level for pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 447. 23 Dec. 2022, doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03557-1
Aymerich, Pau et al. “Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts.” Translational animal science vol. 4,3 txaa129. 18 Jul. 2020. doi:10.1093/tas/txaa129
Lee, Ji Hwan et al. “Effects of different standardized ileal digestible lysine: net energy proportion in growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and technology vol. 62,2 (2020): 198-207. doi:10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.198
Aymerich, Pau et al. “The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 10,9 1638. 11 Sep. 2020, doi:10.3390/ani10091638
Li, Qingyun et al. “Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing-finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 3,4 1254-1262. 27 Jun. 2019, doi:10.1093/tas/txz094
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Suárez-Belloch, J et al. “Effects of sex and dietary lysine on performances and serum and meat traits in finisher pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 9,10 (2015): 1731-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731115001111
Molist, F et al. “Influence of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine and dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and carcass quality of grower-finisher pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,11 (2014): 4956-63. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-6134

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Finishing pigs (75-100 kg)

Study Result Summary

SAA requirement from Study Result :

0.575 to 0.691

For finishing pigs (75-100 kg), the SAA:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.575 (min., NRC) to 0.691 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

SAA requirement from CJ BIO:

0.625

For the best growth performance in 75-100 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.625 as the optimal requirement for SAA:SID Lys.
You may expect a 3.8% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

da Silva, Caio Abércio et al. “Increased Sulphur Amino Acids Consumption as OH-Methionine or DL-Methionine Improves Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed under Hot Conditions.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,17 2159. 23 Aug. 2022. doi:10.3390/ani12172159
Yang, Zhongyue et al. “Changes in growth performance, plasma metabolite concentrations, and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs fed a methionine-restricted diet.” Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 26,9 (2021): 413-422. doi:10.52586/4956
Ho, Trung Thong et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement and optimal sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio for 30-50 kg pigs.” Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 103,1 (2019): 258-268. doi:10.1111/jpn.13029
Remus, A et al. "Response to dietary methionine supply of growing pigs fed daily tailored diets or fed according to a conventional phase feeding system" Livestock Science vol. 222 (2019): 7-13. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.02.006
Kaewtapee, C et al. “Effects of Supplemental Liquid DL-methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid in Diet on Growth Performance and Gastrointestinal Functions of Piglets.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 29,8 (2016): 1166-72. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0579
Zhang, Guijie et al. "Optimum proportion of standardized ileal digestible sulfur amino acid to lysine to maximize the performance of 25–50 kg growing pigs fed reduced crude protein diets fortified with amino acids." Czech Journal of Animal Science vol. 60,7 (2015): 302-310. doi:10.17221/8276-CJAS
Conde-Aguilera, J A et al. “The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 8,3 (2014): 401-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731113002425
Frantz, N Z et al. "The Optimal Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine and Total Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement for Finishing Pigs Fed Ractopamine Hydrochloride." The Professional Animal Scientist vol. 25,2 (2009): 161-168. doi:10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30706-3

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Finishing pigs (75-100 kg)

Study Result Summary

Trp requirement from Study Result :

0.178 to 0.186

For finishing pigs (75-100 kg), the Trp:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.178 (min., NRC & LP) to 0.186 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Trp requirement from CJ BIO:

0.180

For the best growth performance in 75-100 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.180 as the optimal requirement for Trp:SID Lys.
You may expect a 0.3% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Kwon, Woong B et al. “Effects of dietary leucine and tryptophan on serotonin metabolism and growth performance of growing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 100,1 (2022): skab356. doi:10.1093/jas/skab356
Tolosa, Andres F et al. “Effects of reducing the standardized ileal digestible lysine and tryptophan to lysine ratio to slow growth of finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac057. 6 May. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac057
Kerkaert, Hayden R et al. “Improving performance of finishing pigs with added valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan: validating a meta-analysis model.” Journal of animal science vol. 99,1 (2021): skab006. doi:10.1093/jas/skab006
Liu, Jingbo et al. "The response of performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan to lysine ratios." Livestock Science vol. 222 (2019): 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016
Gonçalves, M A D et al. “Dose-response evaluation of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan : lysine ratio to maximize growth performance of growing-finishing gilts under commercial conditions.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 12,7 (2018): 1380-1387. doi:10.1017/S1751731117002968
Yu, D Y et al. “Antibiotic inclusion in the diet did not alter the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,12 (2017): 5516-5523. doi:10.2527/jas2017.1982
Shen, Y B et al. "Effects of short term supplementation of l-tryptophan and reducing large neutral amino acid along with l-tryptophan supplementation on growth and stress response in pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 207 (2015): 245-252. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.020
Naatijes, Maike et al. "Effect of dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on growth of young pigs fed wheat–barley or corn based diets." Livestock Science vol. 163 (2014): 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.004
Quant, A D et al. “Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan-to-lysine ratios in growing pigs fed corn-based and non-corn-based diets.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,4 (2012): 1270-9. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4537
Zhang, Guijie et al. "Estimation of the ideal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids." Livestock Science vol. 149,3 (2012): 260-266. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.07.024
Le Floc'h, N et al. “A moderate inflammation caused by the deterioration of housing conditions modifies Trp metabolism but not Trp requirement for growth of post-weaned piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,11 (2010): 1891-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000236
Eder, K et al. “Tryptophan requirement of growing pigs at various body weights.” Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 87,9-10 (2003): 336-46. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00442.x

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Finishing pigs (75-100 kg)

Study Result Summary

Val requirement from Study Result :

0.658 to 0.696

For finishing pigs (75-100 kg), the Val:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.658 (min., NRC) to 0.696 (max., CLP).

CJ Recommendation

Val requirement from CJ BIO:

0.685

For the best growth performance in 75-100 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.685 as the optimal requirement for Val:SID Lys.
You may expect a 1.6% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Clizer, David A et al. “Impact of increasing standardized ileal digestible valine: lysine in diets containing 30% dried distiller grains with solubles on growing pig performance.” Journal of animal science vol. 100,9 (2022): skac228. doi:10.1093/jas/skac228
Kerkaert, Hayden R et al. “Improving performance of finishing pigs with added valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan: validating a meta-analysis model.” Journal of animal science vol. 99,1 (2021): skab006. doi:10.1093/jas/skab006
Siebert, Diana et al. “The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1255. 27 Apr. 2021. doi:10.3390/ani11051255
Gonçalves, Marcio A D et al. “Standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine dose response effects in 25- to 45-kg pigs under commercial conditions.” Journal of animal science vol. 96,2 (2018): 591-599. doi:10.1093/jas/skx059
Zhang, Xiaoya et al. “Valine Supplementation in a Reduced Protein Diet Regulates Growth Performance Partially through Modulation of Plasma Amino Acids Profile, Metabolic Responses, Endocrine, and Neural Factors in Piglets.” Journal of agricultural and food chemistry vol. 66,12 (2018): 3161-3168. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01113
Liu, X T et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio required for 25- to 120-kilogram pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids.” Journal of animal science vol. 93,10 (2015): 4761-73. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9308
Waguespack, A M et al. “Valine and isoleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2276-84. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4454
Gaines, A M et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine ratio in 13- to 32-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,3 (2011): 736-42. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3134

Lys : ME Requirement for Finishing pigs (100-135 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

1.848 to 2.857

For finishing pigs (100-135 kg), the Lys:ME range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 1.848 (min., NRC) to 2.857 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

2.585

For the best growth performance in 100-135 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 2.585 as the optimal requirement for Lys:ME.
You may expect a 7.5% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Becker, Larissa L et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance and economic return in duroc-sired finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac069. 20 May. 2022, doi:10.1093/tas/txac069
Yang, Jiameng et al. "Effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, and carcase and meat quality of Yacha pigs." Italian Journal of Animal Science vol. 21,1 (2022): 1593-1603. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2022.2123284
Aymerich, Pau et al. “Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts.” Translational animal science vol. 4,3 txaa129. 18 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1093/tas/txaa129
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Li, Pengfei et al. “Effects of the standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and biotechnology vol. 3,1 9. 1 Mar. 2012, doi:10.1186/2049-1891-3-9
Shelton, N W et al. “Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine and increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,1 (2012): 361-72. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-3870
Shelton, N W et al. “Effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine for gilts grown in a commercial finishing environment.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,11 (2011): 3587-95. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3030

Lys : NE Requirement for Finishing pigs (100-135 kg)

Study Result Summary

Lys requirement from Study Result :

2.180 to 2.721

For finishing pigs (100-135 kg), the Lys:NE range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 2.180 (min., LP) to 2.721 (max., CLP & QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Lys requirement from CJ BIO:

2.450

For the best growth performance in 100-135 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 2.450 as the optimal requirement for Lys:NE.
You may expect a -0.2% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Becker, Larissa L et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance and economic return in duroc-sired finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac069. 20 May. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac069
Royall, Rafe Q et al. “Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and economic return for 18 to 128 kg Duroc-sired pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,4 txac103. 12 Aug. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac103
Song, Wenxin et al. “Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level for pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 447. 23 Dec. 2022. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03557-1
Aymerich, Pau et al. “Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts.” Translational animal science vol. 4,3 txaa129. 18 Jul. 2020. doi:10.1093/tas/txaa129
Lee, Ji Hwan et al. “Effects of different standardized ileal digestible lysine: net energy proportion in growing and finishing pigs.” Journal of animal science and technology vol. 62,2 (2020): 198-207. doi:10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.198
Soto, Jose A et al. “Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and crude protein concentration for growth and carcass performance in finishing pigs weighing greater than 100 kg.” Journal of animal science vol. 97,4 (2019): 1701-1711. doi:10.1093/jas/skz052
Aymerich, Pau et al. “The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems.” Animals vol. 10,9 1638. 11 Sep. 2020. doi:10.3390/ani10091638
Li, Qingyun et al. “Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing-finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 3,4 1254-1262. 27 Jun. 2019. doi:10.1093/tas/txz094
Elsbernd, A J et al. “SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,3 (2017): 1253-1263. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0544
Andretta, I et al. “Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs.” Animal vol. 10,7 (2016): 1137-47. doi:10.1017/S1751731115003067
Suárez-Belloch, J et al. “Effects of sex and dietary lysine on performances and serum and meat traits in finisher pigs.” Animal vol. 9,10 (2015): 1731-9. doi:10.1017/S1751731115001111
Molist, F et al. “Influence of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine and dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level on growth performance and carcass quality of grower-finisher pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 92,11 (2014): 4956-63. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-6134

Reference

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Finishing pigs (100-135 kg)

Study Result Summary

Trp requirement from Study Result :

0.180 to 0.208

For finishing pigs (100-135 kg), the Trp:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.180 (min., NRC) to 0.208 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Trp requirement from CJ BIO:

0.186

For the best growth performance in 100-135 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.186 as the optimal requirement for Trp:SID Lys.
You may expect a 0.9% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Kwon, Woong B et al. “Effects of dietary leucine and tryptophan on serotonin metabolism and growth performance of growing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 100,1 (2022): skab356. doi:10.1093/jas/skab356
Tolosa, Andres F et al. “Effects of reducing the standardized ileal digestible lysine and tryptophan to lysine ratio to slow growth of finishing pigs.” Translational animal science vol. 6,2 txac057. 6 May. 2022. doi:10.1093/tas/txac057
Kerkaert, Hayden R et al. “Improving performance of finishing pigs with added valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan: validating a meta-analysis model.” Journal of animal science vol. 99,1 (2021): skab006. doi:10.1093/jas/skab006
Liu, Jingbo et al. "The response of performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan to lysine ratios." Livestock Science vol. 222 (2019): 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016
Gonçalves, M A D et al. “Dose-response evaluation of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan : lysine ratio to maximize growth performance of growing-finishing gilts under commercial conditions.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 12,7 (2018): 1380-1387. doi:10.1017/S1751731117002968
Yu, D Y et al. “Antibiotic inclusion in the diet did not alter the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 95,12 (2017): 5516-5523. doi:10.2527/jas2017.1982
Shen, Y B et al. "Effects of short term supplementation of l-tryptophan and reducing large neutral amino acid along with l-tryptophan supplementation on growth and stress response in pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 207 (2015): 245-252. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.020
Naatijes, Maike et al. "Effect of dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on growth of young pigs fed wheat–barley or corn based diets." Livestock Science vol. 163 (2014): 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.004
Quant, A D et al. “Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan-to-lysine ratios in growing pigs fed corn-based and non-corn-based diets.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,4 (2012): 1270-9. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4537
Zhang, Guijie et al. "Estimation of the ideal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids." Livestock Science vol. 149,3 (2012): 260-266. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.07.024
Le Floc'h, N et al. “A moderate inflammation caused by the deterioration of housing conditions modifies Trp metabolism but not Trp requirement for growth of post-weaned piglets.” Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience vol. 4,11 (2010): 1891-8. doi:10.1017/S1751731110000236
Eder, K et al. “Tryptophan requirement of growing pigs at various body weights.” Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 87,9-10 (2003): 336-46. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00442.x

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Finishing pigs (100-135 kg)

Study Result Summary

Val requirement from Study Result :

0.672 to 0.699

For finishing pigs (100-135 kg), the Val:SID Lys range for optimal Gain:Feed performance is from 0.672 (min., NRC) to 0.699 (max., QUAD).

CJ Recommendation

Val requirement from CJ BIO:

0.686

For the best growth performance in 100-135 kg pigs, CJ BIO recommend 0.686 as the optimal requirement for Val:SID Lys.
You may expect a 0.9% improvement in G:F performance compared to when using the NRC requirement.

Reference

Clizer, David A et al. “Impact of increasing standardized ileal digestible valine: lysine in diets containing 30% dried distiller grains with solubles on growing pig performance.” Journal of animal science vol. 100,9 (2022): skac228. doi:10.1093/jas/skac228
Kerkaert, Hayden R et al. “Improving performance of finishing pigs with added valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan: validating a meta-analysis model.” Journal of animal science vol. 99,1 (2021): skab006. doi:10.1093/jas/skab006
Siebert, Diana et al. “The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1255. 27 Apr. 2021. doi:10.3390/ani11051255
Gonçalves, Marcio A D et al. “Standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine dose response effects in 25- to 45-kg pigs under commercial conditions.” Journal of animal science vol. 96,2 (2018): 591-599. doi:10.1093/jas/skx059
Zhang, Xiaoya et al. “Valine Supplementation in a Reduced Protein Diet Regulates Growth Performance Partially through Modulation of Plasma Amino Acids Profile, Metabolic Responses, Endocrine, and Neural Factors in Piglets.” Journal of agricultural and food chemistry vol. 66,12 (2018): 3161-3168. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01113
Liu, X T et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio required for 25- to 120-kilogram pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids.” Journal of animal science vol. 93,10 (2015): 4761-73. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9308
Waguespack, A M et al. “Valine and isoleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 90,7 (2012): 2276-84. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4454
Gaines, A M et al. “Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine ratio in 13- to 32-kilogram pigs.” Journal of animal science vol. 89,3 (2011): 736-42. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3134

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Lys : ME Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : NE Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Val : SID % LysRequirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Ile : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (7-11 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : ME Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : NE Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Ile : SID % Lys Requirement for Weanling pigs (11-25 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : ME Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : NE Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Trp : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Val : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Ile : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (25-50 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : ME Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Lys : NE Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

Met : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation

SAA (Met+Cys) : SID % Lys Requirement for Growing pigs (50-75 kg)

Study Result Summary

CJ Recommendation